ICD-10 Code: F52.31
Female orgasmic disorder is part of a cluster of diagnoses called the sexual dysfunctions. Sexual dysfunctions are a group of psychiatric conditions that include:
Sexual dysfunctions are characterized by a significant impairment in a person's ability to respond sexually or to experience sexual pleasure. This can refer to an inability to perform or reach an orgasm, painful sexual intercourse, a strong repulsion of sexual activity, or an exaggerated sexual response cycle or sexual interest. An individual may have several sexual dysfunctions at the same time.
Biology, Psychology, and Sexual Function
Several factors can disrupt sexual functioning. Medical conditions such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury or other nerve damage, diabetes, endocrine (hormonal) disorders, and menopausal status can all lead to problems of sexual interest or sexual capacity. Certain medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may have sexual side effects. Some age-related vascular, nerve-related, and hormonal changes can also adversely affect sexual functioning. It is important to note that when sexual dysfunctions can be primarily attributed to one or more of these biological factors, it should not be diagnosed as a psychiatric disorder, and treatment should target the underlying medical problem. However, in many cases, medical concerns can contribute to a sexual problem, though not necessarily be the primary cause of the problem. In such cases, a psychiatric diagnosis may be appropriate.
Other psychiatric disorders can adversely affect sexual function. As one example, Major Depressive Disorder may be characterized by decreased interest in all or almost all of one's usual activities. Sexual interest, therefore, may be diminished. In such cases, a separate diagnosis of a sexual dysfunction is not warranted. However, as was the case with medical conditions, other psychiatric disorders can contribute to a sexual problem, though not necessarily be the primary cause of the problem. In such cases, a diagnosis of a sexual dysfunction may be appropriate.
Several psychological issues, even in the absence of a diagnosable psychiatric disorder, can contribute to sexual dysfunction. Negative body image may lead to feelings of anxiety around sexuality, inhibiting desire or capacity. Performance anxiety may similarly lead to problems of sexual function. Stressors, such as work or family concerns, may preoccupy the individual, affecting sexual interest or performance. A history of sexual trauma or other negative historical events may create negative associations with sexuality, thus undermining function. In such cases, a diagnosis of a sexual dysfunction is usually warranted.
Relationship factors can also contribute to problems of sexual functioning. At a purely physical level, often an individual's sexual concerns stem not from a problem within the individual, but from a lack of appropriate sexual stimulation from his or her partner. At an interpersonal level, some couples suffer from poor sexual communication, have poor understanding of sexuality, have different desires or preferences for sexual activity, or feel negatively about each other. All of these factors have the potential to adversely affect sexual arousal or performance. Such cases should not be diagnosed as a psychiatric disorder. Again, however, relationship problems can contribute to a sexual problem, though not necessarily be the primary cause of the problem. In such cases, a diagnosis of a sexual dysfunction may be appropriate.
The etiology of a sexual dysfunction is frequently unclear, and clinical judgment is needed. Often, multiple possible explanations need to be explored, using both medical and psychiatric examination procedures.
Female orgasmic disorder is a sexual dysfunction disorder that affects as many as 28% of women. The disorder is characterized by a delay, infrequency or absence of orgasm. There may also be a reduced intensity of orgasm sensations.
Some women with orgasmic disorder may have difficulty communicating their sexual needs and desires to their partner. However, sexual satisfaction is not correlated with achieving orgasm. Many women report sexually gratifying experiences despite rarely or never experiencing orgasm. Orgasmic difficulties in women are often attributed to problems related to sexual interest and arousal.
Although some women are unable to achieve orgasm through penile-vaginal intercourse only, this is a not sufficient criterion for orgasmic disorder. A woman's experiencing orgasm through clitoral stimulation but not intercourse does not meet criteria for female orgasmic disorder. Women with orgasmic disorder cannot have an orgasm under any circumstances, even when their clitoris is stimulated and when they are highly aroused.
There are five factors that should be taken into consideration during the assessment and diagnosis of female orgasmic disorder:
As described above, not all incidents of orgasmic dysfunction in women warrants a diagnosis of Female Orgasmic Disorder. Medical issues, adverse effects of drugs or medications, or relationship problems can all impact orgasmic functioning.
Approximately 10% of women do not experience orgasm throughout their lifetime. There is a large variability in the type and intensity of stimulation that is required to produce an orgasm in women. Fewer than 30% of women climax from intercourse alone. Women's rates of orgasm are higher during masturbation than during sexual activity with a partner. Not all women find orgasmic difficulties distressing. It appears that sexual satisfaction and orgasm frequency are interdependent but not identical. There is also a strong influence of sociocultural factors such as gender role expectations and religious norms that influence the experience of orgasmic difficulties.
A number of psychosocial factors interfere with women's capacity for orgasm such as anxiety, depression, pregnancy concerns, body image and religiosity. Several physiological factors can influence a woman's experience of orgasm such as multiple sclerosis, pelvic nerve damage, and spinal cord injury. SSRI's are known to delay or inhibit orgasm in women. Vulvovaginal atrophy and menopausal status is also associated with orgasmic difficulties. The disorder has a genetic component, although having a genetic predisposition to female orgasmic disorder does not necessarily mean that someone will develop female orgasmic disorder.
As described above, not all incidents of orgasmic dysfunction in women warrants a diagnosis of Female Orgasmic Disorder. Therefore, not all treatments for orgasmic dysfunction are psychiatric. If a diagnosis is warranted, there are treatment options available. Published treatment guidelines for female orgasmic disorder include those from the Journal of Sexual Medicine and American Family Physician.
First Line Treatments
Second Line Treatments
In cases of nonresponse to first-line treatment, alternative treatments with reasonable evidence of efficacy include:
Third Line Treatments
When patients do not respond adequately to the first- and second-line treatments described above, other strategies might include:
Additional Treatments to Consider
Preliminary evidence suggests that the following strategies, while not a substitute for the more well-validated treatments described above, might be considered.
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